The World Tour of the Fleet.As if to assure the world then that the United States placed little reliance upon the frail reed of peace conferences,Roosevelt the following year （1908）made an imposing display of American naval power by sending a fleet of sixteen battleships on a tour around the globe.On his own authority,he ordered the ships to sail out of Hampton Roads and circle the earth by way of the Straits of Magellan,San Francisco,Australia,the Philippines,China,Japan,and the Suez Canal.This enterprise was not,as some critics claimed,a "mere boyish flourish."President Roosevelt knew how deep was the influence of sea power on the fate of nations.He was aware that no country could have a wide empire of trade and dominion without force adequate to sustain it.The voyage around the world therefore served a double purpose.It interested his own country in the naval program of the government,and it reminded other powers that the American giant,though quiet,was not sleeping in the midst of international rivalries.
Colonial Administration
A Constitutional Question Settled.In colonial administration,as in foreign policy,President Roosevelt advanced with firm step in a path already marked out.President McKinley had defined the principles that were to control the development of Porto Rico and the Philippines.The Republican party had announced a program of pacification,gradual selfgovernment,and comA Sugar Mill,Porto Ricomercial improvement.The only remaining question of importance,to use the popular phrase,"Does the Constitution follow the flag?"had been answered by the Supreme Court of the United States.Although it was well known that the Constitution did not contemplate the government of dependencies,such as the Philippines and Porto Rico,the Court,by generous and ingenious interpretations,found a way for Congress to apply any reasonable rules required by the occasion.
Porto Rico.The government of Porto Rico was a relatively ****** matter.It was a single island with a fairly homogeneous population apart from the Spanish upper class.For a time after military occupation in 1898,it was administered under military rule.This was succeeded by the establishment of civil government under the "organic act"passed by Congress in 1900.The law assured to the Porto Ricans American protection but withheld American citizenshipa boon finally granted in 1917.It provided for a governor and six executive secretaries appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate;and for a legislature of two housesone elected by popular native vote,and an upper chamber composed of the executive secretaries and five other persons appointed in the same manner.Thus the United States turned back to the provincial system maintained by England in Virginia or New York in old colonial days.The natives were given a voice in their government and the power of initiating laws;but the final word both in law****** and administration was vested in officers appointed in Washington.Such was the plan under which the affairs of Porto Rico were conducted by President Roosevelt.It lasted until the new organic act of 1917.
The Philippines.The administration of the Philippines presented far more difficult questions.The number of islands,the variety of languages and races,the differences in civilization all combined to challenge the skill of the government.Moreover,there was raging in 1901a stubborn revolt against American authority,which had to be faced.Following the lines laid down by President McKinley,the evolution of American policy fell into three stages.At first the islands were governed directly by the President under his supreme military power.In 1901a civilian commission,headed by William Howard Taft,was selected by the President and charged with the government of the provinces in which order had been restored.Six years later,under the terms of an organic act,passed by Congress in 1902,the third stage was reached.The local government passed into the hands of a governor and commission,appointed by the President and Senate,and a legislatureone house elected by popular vote and an upper chamber composed of the commission.This scheme,like that obtaining in Porto Rico,remained intact until a Democratic Congress under PresidentWilson's leadership carried the colonial administration into its fourth phase by ****** both houses elective.Thus,by the steady pursuit of a liberal policy,selfgovernment was extended to the dependencies;but it encouraged rather than extinguished the vigorous movement among the Philippine natives for independence.
