登陆注册
37863600000029

第29章 D. PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISM(6)

Thus two facts are here revealed. First the productive forces appear as a world for themselves, quite independent of and divorced from the individuals, alongside the individuals: the reason for this is that the individuals, whose forces they are, exist split up and in opposition to one another, whilst, on the other hand, these forces are only real forces in the intercourse and association of these individuals. Thus, on the one hand, we have a totality of productive forces, which have, as it were, taken on a material form and are for the individuals no longer the forces of the individuals but of private property, and hence of the individuals only insofar as they are owners of private property themselves. Never, in any earlier period, have the productive forces taken on a form so indifferent to the intercourse of individuals as individuals, because their intercourse itself was formerly a restricted one. On the other hand, standing over against these productive forces, we have the majority of the individuals from whom these forces have been wrested away, and who, robbed thus of all real life-content, have become abstract individuals, but who are, however, only by this fact put into a position to enter into relation with one another as individuals.

The only connection which still links them with the productive forces and with their own existence -- labour -- has lost all semblance of self-activity and only sustains their life by stunting it. While in the earlier periods self-activity and the production of material life were separated, in that they devolved on different persons, and while, on account of the narrowness of the individuals themselves, the production of material life was considered as a subordinate mode of self-activity, they now diverge to such an extent that altogether material life appears as the end, and what produces this material life, labour (which is now the only possible but, as we see, negative form of self-activity), as the means.

Thus things have now come to such a pass that the individuals must appropriate the existing totality of productive forces, not only to achieve self-activity, but, also, merely to safeguard their very existence. This appropriation is first determined by the object to be appropriated, the productive forces, which have been developed to a totality and which only exist within a universal intercourse. From this aspect alone, therefore, this appropriation must have a universal character corresponding to the productive forces and the intercourse.

The appropriation of these forces is itself nothing more than the development of the individual capacities corresponding to the material instruments of production. The appropriation of a totality of instruments of production is, for this very reason, the development of a totality of capacities in the individuals themselves.

This appropriation is further determined by the persons appropriating.

Only the proletarians of the present day, who are completely shut off from all self-activity, are in a position to achieve a complete and no longer restricted self-activity, which consists in the appropriation of a totality of productive forces and in the thus postulated development of a totality of capacities. All earlier revolutionary appropriations were restricted; individuals, whose self-activity was restricted by a crude instrument of production and a limited intercourse, appropriated this crude instrument of production, and hence merely achieved a new state of limitation. Their instrument of production became their property, but they themselves remained subordinate to the division of labour and their own instrument of production.

In all expropriations up to now, a mass of individuals remained subservient to a single instrument of production; in the appropriation by the proletarians, a mass of instruments of production must be made subject to each individual, and property to all. Modern universal intercourse can be controlled by individuals, therefore, only when controlled by all.

同类推荐
热门推荐
  • 碧落清明

    碧落清明

    南方三线小城平平无奇的吸猫少女韩樱子,被人召回了明末清初的天启四年,成为后宫芸芸妃嫔中的一员。一同穿越来的,还有她的那只爱猫。天启四年,这是一个怎样的年代。对于历史小白韩樱子来说,前路一片迷茫。成为秦卿云的韩樱子本以为可以好好体验一把后宫升级模式,却不料在第二天就被打入了冷宫。秦卿云:“这让臣妾如何是好呀?!”而在冷宫中的她,不知道策划这一切的始作俑者另有其人。她甚至不知道,有一个全新的身份在等着自己!
  • 历史的博弈—帝道与臣道的较量

    历史的博弈—帝道与臣道的较量

    《历史的博弈(帝道与臣道的较量)》考察历史博弈,品味内里乾坤,洞悉生存方略,驾驭进退规则。当至高无上的君权遭遇强劲有力的相权时,一场不可避免的拉锯战即将爆发——或是君权衰落,或是相权占据上风,或是成就了外藩——当这一切归于寂静,帝相之争便走向终结,但历史仍在继续……在这里,有阴谋,有阳谋,有联合,有制约,勾心斗角,甚而喋血杀戮,会心处不必在远,制胜策略一转念。欧阳悟道编著的《历史的博弈(帝道与臣道的较量)》对此全景展开,帝王将相,轮番上阵,紧锣密鼓,好戏连连,一场比一场精彩,一场比一场起伏跌宕!
  • 深渊之上

    深渊之上

    萧竹进入金果国际调查取证,第一次见到战尧,他穿着花衬衫,大开着的领口流露着满满的流氓气质,事实证明,他确实是‘流氓’!酒吧动乱,战尧突然出现,拉着萧竹走暗道逃跑,萧竹触到他手掌中凸起的纹路觉得他和曾经救过自己的那个男人很像,“我们以前是不是见过?”萧竹问。战尧笑容暧昧的说“是啊!”“在哪里?”萧竹满眼都是喜悦之色。“在梦里,你对我说……”男人无论在什么场合都可以与女人调情,她彻底给他贴上‘流氓’标签。但,人非表面,许久以后,萧竹知道了男人的秘密,原来,他竟然是一个行走在深渊里的……‘演员’!
  • 我要从西打到东

    我要从西打到东

    穿越者落地被杀,流落的系统终于遇到新主人!
  • 大科学家的故事(古今中外英雄伟人故事系列)

    大科学家的故事(古今中外英雄伟人故事系列)

    社会的发展,时代的进步,离不开科学。电灯的发明,蒸汽机的诞生,人类登上月球,等等,都是科学的作用和结果。因而,科学家促进了社会的发展,推动了时代的进步。
  • 都市古武强少

    都市古武强少

    一场意外,让锦衣玉食的他失去一切,身负巨债,昔日光芒成云烟;上古神典,将他从绝境边缘拉了回来,红尘炼心,开启一段传奇路。“凡人听从命运,只有强者才是自己的主宰。”——唐瑞
  • 大宋帝王

    大宋帝王

    朕躬有罪,无以万方,万方有罪,罪在朕躬!在经历一个失败的统治生涯后,重回一切故事开端的赵昕,看着满朝文武,郑重的宣布:朕受命于天,为天下万民之王,四海万国之帝,尔等群臣,顿首奉诏,遵而勿失即可!
  • 日常中平凡的事

    日常中平凡的事

    记录着生活里的一些小事,平常而又普通,简简单单。
  • 二维奇谈

    二维奇谈

    对于这本书,我想说它是一本与我们的生活不大相关的科幻书。因为这本书中所有的事件都是发生在二维空间的,而我们则居住在三维世界。有人说过,一维空间是一条线,二维空间是一个面,三维空间则是在平面直角坐标系上多加了一个z轴。我很喜欢这种说法,那么一个面上究竟发生了什么呢?这就是这本书的内容。
  • 特工穿越之超能狂妃

    特工穿越之超能狂妃

    当自己被所信之人推入火海,她笑;当自己变为废物,被人人耻笑,她笑;当自己被逼迫嫁给毫无势力的七皇子,她笑;当所有人把暗算的箭头指向自己,她依然笑......当她显现实力,称霸大陆时,她却淡淡一笑,“早让你们别和我做对了,你们偏不信!”......【第一本书,如有雷同,纯属巧合。】