[43] Zoophytes -- a name which, from the sixteenth century onwards, designated a group of invertebrates (mainly sponges and coelenterata). From the mid-nineteenth century, the term zoophytes was used as a synonym for coelenterata; it has now dropped out of use.
[44] This classification was given in Huxley's Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy , London, 1864, Lecture V. It provided the basis for H. A. Nicholson's Manual of Zoology (first published in 1870), which Engels used in his work on Anti-Dühring and Dialectics of Nature.
[45] Traube's artificial cells -- inorganic formations representing a model of living cells; they were created by the German chemist and physiologist Moritz Traube by mixing colloidal solutions. He read a paper on his experiments to the 47th Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Breslau, on September 23 1874.
Marx and Engels thought highly of Traube's discovery (see Marx's letter to Pyotr Lavrov of June 18, 1875, and to Wilhelm Alexander Freund of January 21, 1877, MECW , Vol. 45).
[46] Here Engels relates a report in the journal Nature of November 16, 1876 dealing with the paper read by Dmitry Mendeleyev on September 3, 1876 at the 5th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians in Warsaw. Mendeleyev reported on the results of his experiments, conducted jointly with Jozef Jerzy Boguski in 1875-76, to verify the Boyle-Mariotte law.
Engels evidently wrote this note when checking the proof of this chapter of Anti-Dühring , which was printed in Vorwärts on February 28, 1877. Engels added the end of the note, given in parentheses, in 1885, when he was preparing the second edition of Anti-Dühring.
[47] Rousseau's Discours sur l'origine et les fondemens de l'inégalité parmi les hommes was written in 1754 and published in 1755.
[48] The Thirty Years' War (1618-48)
-- an all-European war caused by the struggle between Protestants and Catholics.
Germany became the main arena of this war, and consequently the object of military pillage and the predatory claims of the belligerents.
[49] This refers to Stirner's Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum , Leipzig, 1845; for criticism of it see The German Ideology by Marx and Engels.
[50] Engels' main source of data on these events was, evidently, the American diplomat Eugene Schuyler's Turkistan.
Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan , Khokand , Buthara , and Kuldja , in two volumes, Vol. II, London, 1876, pp. 356-59.
[51] The American Constitution of 1787 , officially proclaiming the USA a federal republic, was the most progressive bourgeois constitution of its time. Yet it virtually legalised slavery. Marx wrote on this: "The Constitution ... recognises slaves as property and obliges the Union government to protect this property" (see MECW , Vol. 19, p. 36).
[52] Karl Marx, Das Kapital , Bd.
1, 2. Aufl., Hamburg, 1872, p. 36 (Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 3, A, 3:
The Equivalent Form of Value).
In Anti-Dühring , Engels quotes from the 2nd German edition of Vol. I of Capital. He used the 3rd German edition of Capital , Vol. I only when he revised Part II, Chapter x for the 3rd edition of Anti-Dühring.
[53] Lassalle was arrested in February 1848 on a charge of inciting to steal a cash-box with documents to be used in the divorce case of Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt, whose lawyer he was from 1846 to 1854. Lassalle's trial took place from August 5 to 11, 1848; he was acquitted by a jury.
[54] Code pénal -- the French Penal Code, adopted in 1810, which came into force in France and French-conquered regions of Western and South-western Germany in 1811;along with the Civil Code, it remained in force in the Rhine Province after it had been annexed by Prussia in 1815.
[55] Code Napoléon -- the French Civil Code was adopted in 1804. Engels called it "a classical legal code of bourgeois society" in his Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (see MECW , Vol. 26).
Here Engels is speaking of it in the broad sense, having in mind the five codes adopted under Napoleon from 1804 to 1810: civil, civil-procedure, trade, criminal and criminal-procedure.
[56] In Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata et in quinque parses distincta (first published in Amsterdam in 1677), Part 1, Addendum, Spinoza said that ignorance is no argument, in opposition to the clerical-teleological view that everything is determined by "divine Providence" as the final cause and that the only means of argumentation is the plea of ignorance of other causes.
[57] Corpus juris civilis -- code of civil laws regulating property relations in Roman slave-owning society;it was drawn up from 528 to 534 under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.
In Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy , Engels described it as the "first world law of a commodity-producing society"(see MECW , Vol. 26).
[58] The law on the compulsory civil registration of births, marriages and deaths was passed in Prussia on October 1, 1874 and a similar one for the whole German Empire on February 6, 1875.
The law deprived the Church of the right to such registration, thereby considerably curtailing its influence and income. It was directed primarily against the Catholic Church.
[59] The reference is to the provinces of Brandenburg, East Prussia, West Prussia, Posen, Pomerania and Silesia, which were part of the Kingdom of Prussia until the Vienna Congress of 1815.
[60] Personal equation -- a correction made for variation in astronomical observation due to a person's individual peculiarities.
