马里兰州小档案：
人口：约600万
面积：约27，394平方公里，排名第42位
州府：安那波里斯Annapolis
马里兰州是以英王查理第一之妻玛丽皇后Queen Henrietta Maria之名而命名。
1634年开始殖民。1775年，华盛顿率马里兰州军队北进，奠定独立战争中马里兰的声誉。因此，本州别名叫做“战线之州”The Old Line State。1949年，本州庆祝“信仰自由法案”The Act of Toleration（1649年通过）300周年纪念之时，强调这个法案在殖民时间内的重要意义。因此，本州另一别名是“自由之州”free state。“以黑眼苏珊花”black－eyed susan为州花。本州箴言为“行为果敢，语言温和”Manly deeds，Wom anly Words。1788年4月28日成为美国第7州。
州府是安那波里斯Annapolis位于乞沙比克湾西岸，是一个小商港。巴尔的摩Baltimore在州府之北，是美国东岸大港，同时也是美国第7位大都市，人口约占本州全人口四分之一。本港距美国西海岸较纽约为近。它有两条通路：一条通过乞沙比克湾，另一条通过马里兰运河。
本州著名大学是马里兰大学，在学院公园College Park，创于1807年。其次是约翰·霍浦金斯大学John Hopkins University，创于1867年，位于巴尔的摩，学生近万。
本州有两个特征：第一，本州邻接首都华盛顿（即哥伦比亚特区）。第二，本州有“小美国”America in miniature之称。本州虽然面积不大，但地形复杂。它有山地、丘陵、溪谷、平原、沼泽、河流、湖泊、海峡、港湾及岛屿。
本州工业种类很多，其中以饮食品工业最为重要。农业方面有：牛奶、肉鸡、玉蜀黍、大豆、苹果、番茄及烟草。渔业也很发达。
Introduction简介
Maryland was inhabited by Indians as early as circa（大约）10，000B．C．Permanent Indian villages were established by circa A．D．1000．The Paleo－Indians who came more than 10，000years ago from other parts of North America to hunt mammoth（［古生］猛犸，毛象），great bison（美洲或欧洲的野牛）and caribou（北美产驯鹿（=Rangifer））．By 1，000B．C．，Maryland had more than 8，000Native Americans in about 40different tribes．Most of them spoke Algonquian［阿尔冈琴语系（北美印第安语言）］languages．They grew corn，peas（豌豆），squash（南瓜）and tobacco．They also hunted，fished and traded with tribes as far away as New York and Ohio．
We do not know what the Native Americans called the Chesapeake（切萨皮克［美国弗吉尼亚州东南部城市］）Bay．That name came from the Native American word “Chesepiuk”，an Algonquian name for a village that the Roanoke，Virginia colonists discovered in 1585near the mouth of the Bay．Later，mapmakers used the word to name the Bay．People have said that Chesapeake means “great salt water”or “great shellfish bay”，but no records exist to verify those definitions．
Giovanni da Verrazano，an Italian explorer in the 1500s，was the first European to visit the Chesapeake．Later came English settlers，who left England for more economic opportunities and to escape religious oppression（镇压）．In 1608，Capt．John Smith explored Chesapeake Bay．Fur trader William Claiborne thought so，too，and set up a fur trading post on Kent Island in 1631．This was the first English settlement in the upper Chesapeake．
Maryland began as a colony when King Charles I promised George Calvert，the first Lord Baltimore，a colony north of Virginia．Before he could visit the colony，George Calvert died．His son，Cecilius，became the second Lord Baltimore and the Lord Proprietor（大地主）of Maryland．He named his colony “Terra Maria”，or “Maryland”in honor of the king’s wife，Queen Henrietta Maria．Because Cecilius Calvert had to remain in England，he sent his younger brother，Leonard，to accompany the colonists and to be the first governor．
Colonists set sail on November 22，1633on the ships Ark（〈圣经〉方舟）and Dove．The four month’s voyage carried between 200and 300passengers．The leader of the colonists and first Governor of Maryland was the brother of Cecil，Leonard Calvert．
The colonists landed first on an island in the Chesapeake Bay which they named St．Clement’s（now Blakistone）Island on March 24，1634．This gave Maryland a unique place in the history of English colonization．
In 1694，when the capital was moved from St．Mary’s to Annapolis，those were the only towns in the province，but the next century saw the emergence of commercially（商业上，通商上）oriented Baltimore，which by 1800had a population of more than 30，000and a flourishing coastal trade．Tobacco became the basis of the economy by 1730．In 1767the demarcation（划分）of the Mason－Dixon Line ended a long－standing boundary dispute with Pennsylvania．
Trade restrictions and high taxes led to the Revolutionary War in 1775．Marylanders opposed the Stamp Act，protested the Boston Port Bill by burning a boat and the tea cargo，and attended the First Continental Congress in 1774in Philadelphia．Baltimore served as the country’s capital until after the war when it was moved to Annapolis．
In 1788，the United States Constitution was signed．Maryland became the 7th state to join the new country，with Annapolis as the state capital．In 1791，Washington D．C．was created from land donated（捐赠，赠予）by Maryland，and became the nation’s permanent capital．
Several battles from the War of 1812were fought in Maryland．British soldiers raided towns along the Chesapeake Bay，defeated Americans in the Battle of Bladensburg，and burned the Capitol and other government buildings in Washington D．C．On Sept．12，they attacked Baltimore and fired on Fort McHenry．The American army defended the city and drove them out of Maryland．Although many plantation owners in Maryland fought with the Confederacy，Maryland’s legislature sided with the United States and adopted a new constitution that ended slavery．Again，many battles were fought on Maryland soil．
At the beginning of the Civil War，President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus（人身保护权）and sent troops to Maryland who imprisoned large numbers of secessionists（脱离论者）．Nevertheless，Marylanders fought on both sides，and families were often split．General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia invaded Maryland in 1862and was repulsed（击退）by Union forces at Antietam（see Antietam campaign）．In 1863，Lee again invaded the North and marched across Maryland on the way to and from Gettysburg（盖茨堡）．Throughout the war Maryland was the scene of many minor battles and skirmishes（小冲突）．
