第20章 PART V(6)

And this proves not only that the brutes have less reason than man,but that they have none at all:for we see that very little is required to enable a person to speak;and since a certain inequality of capacity is observable among animals of the same species,as well as among men,and since some are more capable of being instructed than others,it is incredible that the most perfect ape or parrot of its species,should not in this be equal to the most stupid infant of its kind or at least to one that was crack-brained,unless the soul of brutes were of a nature wholly different from ours.And we ought not to confound speech with the natural movements which indicate the passions,and can be imitated by machines as well as manifested by animals;nor must it be thought with certain of the ancients,that the brutes speak,although we do not understand their language.For if such were the case,since they are endowed with many organs analogous to ours,they could as easily communicate their thoughts to us as to their fellows.It is also very worthy of remark,that,though there are many animals which manifest more industry than we in certain of their actions,the same animals are yet observed to show none at all in many others:so that the circumstance that they do better than we does not prove that they are endowed with mind,for it would thence follow that they possessed greater reason than any of us,and could surpass us in all things;on the contrary,it rather proves that they are destitute of reason,and that it is nature which acts in them according to the disposition of their organs:thus it is seen,that a clock composed only of wheels and weights can number the hours and measure time more exactly than we with all our skin.